Walther Firle Three Girls Reading Why Two Types of Paintings

Painting by Johannes Vermeer c. 1665

Girl with a Pearl Earring
Dutch: Meisje met de parel
Artist	Johannes Vermeer
Yr	c. 1665
Type	Tronie
Medium	Oil on sheet
Motility	Dutch Gold Age painting
Dimensions	44.5 cm × 39 cm (17.5 in × 15 in)
Location	Mauritshuis, The Hague, Netherlands

Daughter with a Pearl Earring (Dutch: Meisje met de parel)^{[1] [2]} is an oil painting by Dutch Golden Age painter Johannes Vermeer, dated c. 1665. Going by various names over the centuries, it became known past its present title towards the end of the 20th century after the earring worn past the girl portrayed there.^[3] The piece of work has been in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague since 1902 and has been the subject of various literary and cinematic treatments.

Description [edit]

The painting is a tronie, the Dutch 17th-century description of a 'head' that was not meant to exist a portrait. Information technology depicts a European girl wearing an exotic dress, an oriental turban, and what was thought to be a very large pearl every bit an earring.^[1] In 2014, Dutch astrophysicist Vincent Icke [nl] raised doubts nigh the material of the earring and argued that it looks more similar polished tin than pearl on the grounds of the specular reflection, the pear shape and the large size of the earring.^{[4] [five]}

The work is oil on canvas and is 44.five cm (17.five in) high and 39 cm (fifteen in) wide. It is signed "IVMeer" but not dated. It is estimated to have been painted around 1665.^[half-dozen]

After the nigh contempo restoration of the painting in 1994, the subtle colour scheme and the intimacy of the girl'south gaze toward the viewer have been greatly enhanced.^[vii] During the restoration, information technology was discovered that the night background, today somewhat mottled, was originally a deep enamel-like green. This event was produced by applying a thin transparent layer of paint—a glaze—over the black background seen now. Nonetheless, the two organic pigments of the greenish coat, indigo and weld, accept faded.^[8]

Ownership and brandish [edit]

On the advice of Victor de Stuers, who for years tried to foreclose Vermeer's rare works from being sold to parties abroad, Arnoldus Andries des Tombe purchased the work at an auction in The Hague in 1881, for only ii guilders plus 30 cents buyer'due south premium (around €24 at current purchasing power^[9]). At the fourth dimension, it was in poor condition. Des Tombe had no heirs and donated this and other paintings to the Mauritshuis in 1902.^[ten]

The painting was exhibited as part of a Vermeer show at the National Gallery of Fine art in Washington, D.C., in 1965 and 1966, and in another Vermeer exhibition in 1995-96.^[11] In 2012, as part of a traveling exhibition while the Mauritshuis was being renovated and expanded, the painting was exhibited in Japan at the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, and in 2013–2014 in the Us, where information technology was shown at the High Museum in Atlanta, the de Young Museum in San Francisco and in New York City at the Frick Collection.^[12] Later in 2014 information technology was exhibited in Bologna, Italy. In June 2014, it returned to the Mauritshuis museum which stated that the painting would non go out the museum in the future.^[xiii]

Every bit a upshot of its promotion, Girl with a Pearl Earring has become one of the world'due south about recognizable paintings and has been compared to the Mona Lisa.^[14] In 2006, the Dutch public selected it as the near beautiful painting in the Netherlands.^[15]

Painting technique [edit]

The painting was investigated by the scientists of the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage and FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF) Amsterdam.^[16]

The ground is dumbo and yellow in colour and is composed of chalk, atomic number 82 white, ochre and very little black. The dark background of the painting contains os black, weld (luteolin, reseda luteola), chalk, small amounts of red ochre, and indigo. The face up and draperies were painted mainly using ochres, natural ultramarine, os black, charcoal blackness and pb white.^[17]

In February-March 2018 an international team of art experts spent two weeks studying the painting in a specially constructed drinking glass workshop in the museum, open to observation by the public. The not-invasive enquiry project included removing the work from its frame for study with microscopes, X-ray equipment and a special scanner to learn more about the methods and materials used by Vermeer.^{[18] [xv]} The project, with the name The Girl in the Spotlight, was headed by Abbie Vandivere, conservator at the Mauritshuis,^[19] and results were published by the Mauritshuis.^[twenty] A blog past Vandivere reveals many details of the project.^[21]

Results included the presence of delicate eyelashes, a green drape behind the head, changes fabricated, and details of the pigments used and where they came from. The lack of eyebrows and featureless groundwork had led to speculation that Vermeer was painting an idealised or abstract face up; the later on discoveries showed that he was painting a real person in a real space. The pearl has been described as an illusion due to having "no profile and also no claw to hang it from the girl'southward ear".^[22]

Painting title [edit]

The painting has gone nether a number of titles in various countries over the centuries. Originally it may accept been one of the 2 tronies "painted in the Turkish fashion" (Twee tronijnen geschildert op sijn Turx) recorded in the inventory at the time of Vermeer's death.^[23] It may later have been the work appearing in the catalogue to a 1696 sale of painting in Amsterdam, where information technology is described as a "Portrait in Antique Costume, uncommonly artistic" (Een Tronie in Antique Klederen, ongemeen konstig).^[24]

Afterward the heritance to the Mauritshuis, the painting became known as Daughter with a Turban (Meisje met tulband) and information technology was noted of its original description in the 1675 inventory that the turban had become a fashion accessory of some fascination during the period of European wars confronting the Turks.^[25] Past 1995, the title Girl with a Pearl (Meisje met de parel) was considered more appropriate.^[26] Pearls, in fact, figure in 21 of Vermeer's pictures,^[27] including very prominently in Woman with a Pearl Necklace. Earrings lone are also featured in A Lady Writing a Alphabetic character, Written report of a Immature Woman, Girl with a Scarlet Hat, and Girl with a Flute. Similarly shaped ear-pieces were used as convincing accessories in 20th-century fakes that were briefly attributed to Vermeer, such every bit Young Woman with a Blue Hat, Smiling Girl and The Lace Maker.^[28]

Generally, the English title of the painting was simply Head of a Young Girl, although it was sometimes known as The Pearl. One critic explained that this name was given, not just from the detail of the earring, but because the figure glows with an inner radiance against the dark background.^[29]

Cultural impact [edit]

Some of the first literary treatments of the painting were in poems. For Yann Lovelock in his sestina, "Vermeer's Head of a Girl", it is the occasion for exploring the interplay betwixt imagined beauty interpreted on canvas and living feel.^[30] Due west. S. Di Piero reimagined how the "Daughter with Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer" might expect in the mod setting of Haight Street in San Francisco,^[31] while Marilyn Chandler McEntyre commented on the girl's individual, self-possessed personality.^[32]

There have also been ii fictional appearances. Equally La ragazza col turbante (Daughter with a Turban, 1986), it features as the general title of Marta Morazzoni's collection of v short novellas set in the Baroque era. In the course of the championship story, a Dutch art dealer sells Vermeer'southward painting to an eccentric Dane in the twelvemonth 1658. Indifferent to women in real life, the two men can just answer to the idealization of the feminine in fine art.^[33] In the post-obit decade, Tracy Chevalier's 1999 historical novel Girl with a Pearl Earring fictionalized the circumstances of the painting's creation. There, Vermeer becomes close to a servant whom he uses every bit an assistant and has sit for him as a model while wearing his wife's earrings.

The painting also appeared in the 2007 motion picture St Trinian's, where a group of unruly schoolgirls steal it to heighten funds to relieve their school.^[34] At that period, besides, young man artists fabricated iconic use of Vermeer's painting. Ethiopian American Awol Erizku recreated information technology as a print in 2009, centering a young black woman and replacing the pearl earring with bamboo earrings as a commentary on the lack of black figures in museums and galleries. His piece is titled Daughter with a Bamboo Earring.^[35] And in 2014 the English street artist Banksy reproduced the painting as a mural in Bristol, incorporating an alarm box in place of the pearl earring and calling the artwork Girl with a Pierced Eardrum.^[36]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Girl with a Pearl Earring". Mauritshuis . Retrieved 8 December 2014.
2. ^ "Meisje met de parel". Mauritshuis (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 December 2014.
3. ^ Janson, Jonathan. "Titles". Girl with a Pearl Earring.
4. ^ Icke, V. (December 2014). "Meisje met geen parel" [Girl with no pearl earring]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde [Dutch Journal of Physics] (in Dutch). lxxx (12): 418–419.
5. ^ Janssen, Joris (28 November 2014). "Curieuze ontdekking: Meisje met de parel heeft geen parel" [Curious discovery: Daughter with a Pearl Earring has no pearl]. New Scientist (in Dutch). Retrieved eight Dec 2014.
6. ^ "Details: Johannes Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665". Mauritshuis. Archived from the original on twenty January 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
7. ^ Wadum, Jørgen (1994). Vermeer Illuminated. Conservation, Restoration and Research. with contributions by Fifty. Struik van der Loeff and R. Hoppenbrouwers. The Hague: V & K Publishing. OCLC 015767938.
8. ^ Vandivere, Abbie; Van Loon, Annelies; Callewaert, Tom; Haswell, Ralph; Proaño Gaibor, Art Ness; Van Keulen, Henk; Leonhardt, Emilien; Dik, Joris (2019). "Fading into the groundwork: the night space surrounding Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring". Heritage Scientific discipline. seven. doi:ten.1186/s40494-019-0311-9. S2CID 202754495. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
9. ^ "Value of the guilder / euro". www.iisg.nl . Retrieved 6 October 2015.
10. ^ Vrij Nederland (magazine) (Feb 26, 1996), p. 35–69.
11. ^ Wheelock, Jr., Arthur K., ed. (1995). Johannes Vermeer (PDF). Washington, DC: National Gallery of Fine art.
12. ^ "Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Hals: Masterpieces of Dutch Painting from the Mauritshuis". Frick Collection.
13. ^ Lestienne, Cécile (21 July 2014). "Grounded: the neat fine art treasures that no longer become out on the road". the Guardian . Retrieved 6 Oct 2015.
14. ^ "10 most famous paintings in the world". CNN Style.
15. ^ ^{a b} Pieters, Janene (1 February 2018). ""Girl with a Pearl Earring" to be scanned, analyzed in public view". NLTimes . Retrieved 20 March 2018.
16. ^ Groen, Karin M; Van der Werf, I. D.; van den Berg, M. J.; Boon, J. J. (1998). "The Scientific Test of Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring". In Gaskell, I.; Jonker, M. (eds.). Vermeer Studies: Symposium Papers XXXIII Center for Avant-garde Study in the Visual Arts. National Gallery of Fine art. pp. 169–183. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
17. ^ "Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring". ColourLex.
18. ^ "The secrets of Girl with a Pearl Earring". BBC News. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
19. ^ "The Girl in the Spotlight". Mauritshuis. 2018. Retrieved 28 Apr 2020.
20. ^ "Closer to Vermeer and the Girl". Mauritshuis . Retrieved 28 Apr 2020.
21. ^ Vandivere, Abbie. "Girl with a Blog". Mauritshuis . Retrieved 28 Apr 2020.
22. ^ Dark-brown, Marking (28 April 2020). "Dutch researchers coax secrets from Daughter with a Pearl Earring". The Guardian.
23. ^ Wolf, Bryan Jay (2001). Vermeer and the Invention of Seeing. University of Chicago. p. 138. ISBN9780226905044.
24. ^ Read, Herbert (1965). Johannes Vermeer. Cognition Publications. p. 8.
25. ^ Schneider, Norbert (2000). Vermeer, 1632-1675: Veiled Emotions. Taschen. p. 69. ISBN9783822863237.
26. ^ Graafland, Kees (9 December 2014). "Meisje met de parel draagt helemaal geen parel" [Girl with a pearl earring doesn't wearable a pearl at all]. AD (in Dutch).
27. ^ Bertram, Anthony (1948). Jan Vermeer of Delft. Studio Publications.
28. ^ Janson, Jonathan. "Vermeer: Erroneous Attributions and Forgeries". Essential Vermeer.
29. ^ Kahr, Madlyn Millner (1978). Dutch Painting in the Seventeenth Century. Harper & Row. p. 288. ISBN9780064300872.
30. ^ Lovelock, Yann (1984). Building Jerusalem. Rivelin Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN9780904524482.
31. ^ Di Piero, Westward. S. (2001). "Girl with Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer". Skirts And Slacks. Alfred A. Knopf.
32. ^ McEntyre, Marilyn Chandler (2000). "Girl with a Pearl Earring". In Quiet Light: poems on Vermeer's women. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. p. 25. ISBN0-8028-3879-0.
33. ^ Lazzaro-Weis, Carol (2011). From Margins to Mainstream: Feminism and Fictional Modes in Italian Women'south Writing. Academy of Pennsylvania. p. 141. ISBN9780812206708.
34. ^ Jenkins, Mark (8 October 2009). "St. Trinian's Girls Aren't Every bit Bad Equally They Wanna Exist". NPR . Retrieved 9 December 2014.
35. ^ "Awol Erizku – Girl with the Pearl Earring". Nolden/H Fine Art. 25 July 2016.
36. ^ "New Banksy 'earring' mural appears in Bristol Harbourside". BBC News. twenty October 2014. Retrieved half-dozen October 2015.

Further reading [edit]

• Liedtke, Walter A. (2001). Vermeer and the Delft School. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN9780870999734. OCLC 893698712.

External links [edit]

• In-depth view of the Girl with a Pearl Earring
• Analysis of the Girl with a Pearl Earring
• An investigation into the illumination of Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring
• Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, ColourLex
• February 2018 NYT Article
• Essential Vermeer, mouse over its image to discover details
• Girl with a Pearl Earring at the website of the Mauritshuis

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring

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